Female Genital Mutilation: A Gross Violation of Human Rights Essay

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has often been viewed as a rite of passage for women in various countries within Africa, South America, the Middle East and Asia. However, due to societal norms and pressures, whether it based in culture or religion, forces women to partake in a practice that has serious health risks and takes away the rights of women who believe they have no other choice. The Universal Declaration of Human rights are applicable to all member states including most of the countries that still practice FGM. However, despite claiming that the human rights set forth would be observed as obligated in terms of their memberships, FGM violates numerous rights and freedoms that claim to be recognized but, are not known to the people. These rights are neglected, and frequently go unacknowledged within communities because of denied access to media or information. Nonetheless whether it is intentional or a direct result of the poverty levels within these countries these are rights that the people deserve to know they have. If women were exposed to various forms of media and knew of their rights, FGM would not be so highly practiced. Female Genital Mutilation is a flagrant violation of one’s human rights. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision. There is this passivity and social acceptance that implied when using female circumcision versus FGM because, circumcision of males in western cultures is a norm and therefore, not viewed as a violation of one’s rights. However, if female genital cutting is referred to as female circumcision then it equating the severity of FGM with that of a male which is not the case. FGM is more harmful to the health of the woman at question and in no means beneficial to... ... Study Using Female Genital Mutilation†. Health and Human Rights. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Vol. 2, No. 2 (1997), pp. 137-146. Web. Dorkenoo, Efua. â€Å"Combating Female Genital Mutilation: An Agenda for the Next Decade†. Women's Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, Teaching About Violence Against Women, The Feminist Press at the City University of New York (Spring - Summer, 1999), pp. 87-97. Web R. Beitz, Charles. â€Å"Human Rights as a Common Concern†. The American Political Science Review, American Political Science Association, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Jun., 2001), pp. 269-282. Web N. Davis, Aisha. â€Å"Female Genital Cutting: The Pressures of Culture, International Attention, and Domestic Law on the Role of African Women†. Gender and Sexuality Law Online. Columbia Law School. 25 January 2012. Web. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a3

Grade Inquiry Essay

Project context Innovation have made possible for the operations of the computer easy enough in processing records system such as, creation of data, storing, filing and retrieval of data. This Online Grade inquiry with subject evaluation and SMS notification is a process whereby a department head input the grades of the students who are enrolled to the said department and evaluates what subjects should they be taking after they passed their current enrolled subject for them to take their proceeding subject to the next semester after the input of data to the system. The system sends also the grades to the students via SMS every end of the trinal exam who is enrolled to the said department before that they will give first the data to the registrar in order to send the data to the students because the registrar clarify first the data because one of the foremost responsibilities of the registrar office is to keep the student’s grades data secured for their records and purposes. The head of the sa id department may now easily encode the data to the system and give the standing records to their students without a consuming a lot of time and gives convenient kind of servicing to the student. The system basically keeps all the records of the students about their grades and class subjects and it will determine if a particular student passed or fail the subject and it also display announcements like meetings and dates of signing of clearances etc. Purpose and Description Our project focuses mainly on keep in track of the students grade and subject and also sending the grade of the student via SMS who are enrolled to the said department. This system on the other hand can display important announcement like meetings and news. By this, the head of the department can easily gives the grades of a student by just encoding the grades of the students into the system. And also if the head of the department has special announcements to make to the said department, the students can easily read the announcement made by the dean even if they are not in the school. Statement of the problem General: The manual submission and distribution of the grades in the department (BSBA) or in the registrar (NDKC). The time consuming of subject evaluation at the registrar’s office. Specific:Â  The students need to go directly to their respective department or at the school registrar to inquire their grades. The long processes of inquiry of grades are inconvenient, tiresome, and some instances are time consuming. Objectives General: To develop an online grade encoding, inquiry and evaluation system. To develop a system that will lessen the registrar’s tasks in encoding of grades. Specific: To develop a system that can able to send grades automatically via SMS. To develop a system that is convenient and less effort to inquire the grades of the student. Scope and Limitations The proposed system is concerned in sending SMS about the student’s grades and displays the evaluation of a student and announcement. This covers only the grade data; their class subjects to evaluate; and announcements to post and only limited to the following: 1. Send SMS about students Grade; 2. Displays evaluation of the student and the announcement of the dean; 3. Control the records of the students; 4. Update the records; 5. Organize new coming data; Scope The request of the grades can be done through any network of mobile phones/ cellular phones. The head of the department only has the authority to the system. The head of the department can encode grades of the students through online. The system automatically back-up the records being encoded. The device use in the system is for inquiry only. The head of the department can print the summary of grades and also the subjects taken by the students. Limitations It cannot be used for conversation. The system has no capability of handling delayed messages. If the responsible of inputting grades submitted a wrong grade of a student, the system is not reliable of human error. The system cannot accept landline number in registration for the students as their contact number. The system can be accessed by internet connection only. Significance of the study: This study was made to find out the use of online – based system that will lessen the time for transaction, accommodation and convenience of releasing the grades of the students. The college of Business of Administration which is one of the top departments of NDKC with high population which is fit to this project for us to cope/manage all the records about their student grades class subject evaluation and announcement using the said system. Through this project the said department can easily organize all the records of the students and keep in track in its database. The department would have a website that can easily use and can interact between the department and with their students. The system provides accessibility to the head of the department only and can update the grades and give evaluation to the subjects taken to the certain student. Students can receive their grades via SMS, view their evaluation subject and also can see what their head of the department announcement s. The said department will be assured of an accurate, high performance and a high level of security using the system. One benefit is that the students will know the announcements of their college dean and receive or to know their grades anywhere, as long as they are connected to the internet.

Analysis Of The Book Alice Adventures - 1055 Words

AP Book Report 1. Alice Adventures in Wonderland 2. Lewis Carroll was the author of Alice Adventures in Wonderland. Written in 1862- 1863 during a journey with Reverent Robinson Duckworth and his three young daughters. 3. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson better known as his pen name, Lewis Carroll, was an English author was born January 27, 1832. He was a writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican cleric, and artist. 4. Characters: Major: Alice: Alice is a seven-year-old girl who stumbles upon the Wonderland after following a white rabbit. She comes from a family in Victorian England. When she stumbles upon Wonderland, she is frustrated with all the surroundings it has on her. - Curious: Once she sees the rabbit her curious nature sparks to follow it. - Emotional: When she didn’t know what to do she would start crying, The Mouse: The first creature Alice meets in Wonderland. Mouse is initially scared of Alice, when she talks about her cat. He later on takes her with him with other creatures. - Frightened: The mouse is frightened of Alice and the way she would talk about her pet cat Dinah. - Leader: When with the animal it seemed he was the only one with the authoritative figure. By the why he talked to them and such. The Queen of Hearts: Ruler of Wonderland. The Queen is very dominating towards everyone, and if they don’t follow her command the only solution she has is beheading everyone. - Impulsive: When things wouldn’t go the way she’d like she automatically sends someone toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 1773 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland†, a famous English storybook written by Lewis Carroll in 1865. Burton’s adaptation of Carroll’s original tale takes quite a few liberties in order to make a more connected message of growth and renewal he believed was needed in order to enhance the story of Alice. The character Alice extracted from such classic tale and the alike lends herself to an interesting discussion relating to feminism and contemporary ideology. It can be said that Lewis Carroll’s â€Å"Alice AdventuresRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 824 Words   |  4 Pagesmost are familiar with the story of Alice in Wonderland. Admittedly, most are more familiar with the Disney movie, than the actual book. The movie and book are captivating in the ir imagination, and bare some striking similarities. The movie and the book have many differences. The movie has a different medium and can convey differently than the book. In 1951, Disney, a company well-known for animating favorite fairy tales, animated the well-loved story of Alice who fell down the rabbit hole and intoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 1293 Words   |  6 PagesAlice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a novel by Charles Dodgson, better known under the pseudonym of Lewis Carroll to his readers. Published in 1865, the novel centers around a young girl’s lively adventures in a fantastical dream world. She falls into this world after she sees a rabbit with a pocket watch and waistcoat running through her yard and then follows him down a rabbit hole. Although marketed as a children’s story, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has remained a mainstay with childrenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures 1882 Words   |  8 Pages Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland outline Introduction In the year 1865, Lewis. C. Carroll published a Novel titled, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. This novel tells the story of a girl named Alice who enters a bizarre world called Wonderland, which she initially cannot comprehend because she lacks knowledge of this world and her place in it, Thus, Alice takes a journey through this world to understand both it and herself. SomeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alice s Adventures Essay2076 Words   |  9 PagesAlice’s Adventures AnnaMarie Bethune Northeast Alabama Community College  Enraged from the recent conversation with her aunt and uncle, Alice storms out the door. Headed to her usual spot beneath the old Willow near the edge of the forest, she runs full speed down the hill, hopefully relieving some of her anger. As she stops at the edge of the forest, book in hand, now sitting, she can’t help but notice her veins flooding with adrenaline. She’s so mad she can’t sit still. Alice jumps upRead MoreLewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland: The Inevitable Loss of Childhood Innocence1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel enwraps with â€Å"Alice and her sister sitting on the bank of a river. Unquestionably bored, she is reading a book over her sister’s shoulder. Suddenly, she spots a small white rabbit in a pea coat, dart across the grass. What astounds her is that the rabbit takes out a small watch from its pocket and exclaims, I will be late. Alice had never heard a rabbit talk and moreover felt that it was bizarre for a rabbit to own a pocket watch. Curiosity takes Alice down the rabbit hole and this leadsRead MoreCurious Appetites : Food, Desire, Gender, And Subjectivity938 Words   |  4 Pages In the article â€Å"Curious Appetites: Food, Desire, Gender, and Subjectivity in Lewis Carroll’s Alice Texts,† Carina Garland takes on a classic childhood book and author. She enlightens the reader on the gender aspects behind the Lewis Carroll b ooks Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There. Garland utilizes the knowledge of Carroll’s peculiar and slightly grotesque history of relationships with prepubescent girls and abhorrence of women, linked withRead MoreSymbolism And Origin Is The Cheshire Cat702 Words   |  3 Pageshad an odd sense of a personality, but spoke to Alice using wise words and thoughts. â€Å"It is not 100% clear why Carroll named this character ‘Cheshire Cat’. â€Å"To grin like a Cheshire Cat† was a common phrase in Carroll’s day. Its origin is unknown, but it may have originated from a sign painter in Cheshire, who painted grinning lions on the sign-boards of inns in the area† (Analysis). Even though the Cheshire Cat seemed crazy or â€Å"mad† he did give Alice a dose of reality in Wonderland. He said thingsRead MoreAlice in Wonderland: A Curious Child1443 Words   |  6 PagesAlice In Wonderland a nd a Curious Child Lewis Carrolls classic Alice in Wonderland has entertained not only children but adults for over one hundred years. The tale has become a treasure of philosophers, literary critics, and psychoanalysts. There appears to be something in Alice for everyone, and there are almost as many explanations of the work as there are commentators. One commentary is A Curious Child by Nina Auerbach. Auerbach discussed how Alice is a representation of a middle class childRead MoreTough Alice1309 Words   |  6 Pages ‘Tough Alice’ Extended Analysis Twelve Impossible Things Before Breakfast, is a collection of stories that vary from parodies to extended variations of famous fantasy stories. Jane Yolen, challenged the most popular children’s story ever, Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and created a more upbeat Wonderland with a more hard-hitting Alice than usual. The original Alice in Wonderland is a tale about a girl who falls asleep and dreams about this magical and adventurous land known as Wonderland

Critical Analysis of the Dsm Iv Tr - 1073 Words

1 Critical analysis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) published by the World health organisation and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association are the most widely used classifications of mental disorders throughout the world. These classification systems were created to provide a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders thus allowing for better and more accurate communication between mental health workers. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is used mostly in the United States of America and in varying degrees around†¦show more content†¦These are considered to be long standing criticisms of the DSM. These problems were originally highlighted by the Rosenhan experiment in the 1973. The experiment which was conducted by psychologist David Rosenhan is considered to be an important and influential eye opener to the shortcomings of not only the DSM but also all other psychiatric classification systems. Critics, such as psychiatrist Niall McLaren, also argue that the DSM lacks validity because its categories do not have a scientific basis, and that it lacks reliability partly because each diagnosis cannot be given an exclusive criterion. He says that while it has been found that different diagnoses share many criteria, what appear to be different criteria are often just rewordings of the same idea, meaning that the decision to allocate one diagnosis or another to a patient is to some extent a matter of personal prejudice on the part of the clinician making the diagnosis. It has also been pointed out that the DSM would fare better if the categorical classification now in use was replaced with a dimensional classification since its been increasingly recognised that mental disorders lie on a continuum rather than in one single qualitative category with clear cut off points . E.g. the 2 personality disorders of Axis II are increasingly regarded as extreme variants of common personality characteristics. Another aspect of the DSM that has attracted a lot of criticism is itsShow MoreRelatedThe Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders ( Dsm )1788 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of DSM The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a mental health diagnostic system that allow clinicians (i.e. psychiatrics, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists and nurses) to have a common understanding of mental health conditions (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). It also enables clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, researchers and policy-makers to make clear decisions around access to services and treatment guidelines for the clientsRead More Use of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to Evaluate Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1541 Words   |  7 Pagesthe basis of this assignment to evaluate someone who exhibits symptoms of PTSD. Sometimes the symptoms of PTSD are exaggerated or faked. The basic characteristics and the purpose of this tool will be discussed as well as how the tool is used. An analysis of the MMPI-2 will reveal the relationship between MMPI-2 and a major theory of personality. After identifying the psychom etric properties for PTSD populations, the question of the adequacy of MMPI-2 will be answered by reviewing literature. LastRead MoreEssay about Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)1072 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen described as ‘The engine that drives social phobia’ (2004, Bennett-Levy J, 2004, p.142) and self-focus is central to the Clark social phobia model. The type of self-focussed attention is not self-loving and accepting, it is instead negative and critical. I have not met a social phobic who thought others evaluated them positively all the time. It has a negative twist. The socially phobic’s intuition and gut feelings often draws erroneous and sometimes illogical conclusions. These feelings areRead MoreAmerican Beauty: Analysis of Lester Burnham Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Analysis of Lester Burnham When I was told to choose a movie to perform a psychoanalysis on a character. I did not know what movie to choose. After watching the two hour long film on the multiple characters that seemed to be struggling to find their inner happiness: American Beauty. I knew that I should not look any further. One character that especially stood out was, Lester Burnham. A forty-two year old father with a mid-life crisis. In the film, American Beauty Lester BurnhamRead MoreEffects of Adderall on Learning Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch conducted by Erinn L. Rigney, among the key factors for there being more people who do not actually have the disorder but still have access to ADHD medication is the vague procedures for diagnosing ADHD. It is noted in the excerpt from the DSM-IV-TR, the criteria used for ADHD diagnosis, that, â€Å"In a child six to twelve years old who presents inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, academic underachievement, or behavior problems, primary care clinici ans should initiate an evaluation for ADHDRead MoreAp Psychology2810 Words   |  12 Pagesan obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) a dysthymic disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) agoraphobia. E) bipolar disorder. ____ 27. Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it is also likely to lead to A) schizophrenia. B) linkage analysis. C) bipolar disorder. D) increased personal strength. E) generalized anxiety disorder. ____ 28. Indira, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from dizziness, heart palpitations, muscular tension, and fatigue. She is also continually agitatedRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pages3 CHAPTER Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE HOW ARE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 80–99 CLASSIFIED? 70–77 The Clinical Interview The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior Computerized Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99–100 SUMMING UP 100–101 TRead More General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Essay2269 Words   |  10 Pagesnormative (Raskin,2012). Standardly, to diagnose a mental disorder the International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders (ICD), published by the World Health Organization, or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, are used (Bolton,2008). This essay will focus on General Anxiety Disorder (GAD). First the essay will discuss what GAD is and how it is diagnosed. The essay will then explore the differences of GADRead MoreApa Challenge2740 Words   |  11 PagesBook Reference Chow, T. W., amp; Cummings, J. L. (2000). The amygdala and Alzheimer’s disease. In J. P. Aggleton (Ed.), The amygdala: A functional analysis (pp. 656–680). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Formatting Dissertations Long, M. (2007). School media librarians as transformational leaders (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 329321) Study Notes: Common APA Style and Formatting Challenges The following guidelinesRead More ADHD and Its Treatments Essay examples1852 Words   |  8 Pagesa diagnostic tool, scientists stress they cannot be used effectively for that purpose (Surgeon Gen 5-8). Psychologists and Psychiatrists have recognized several different types of ADHD. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), a tool commonly used by professionals to diagnose mental disorders, illustrates three patterns of behavior to note when diagnosing the disorder. These patterns include (NIMH): ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consistent hyperactivity and impulsivity (above and beyond those

The Sitcom Of Television By William Asher s Bewitched ...

Situation comedies, or sitcoms for short, first began between 1946 and 1947 in the United Kingdom when broadcast station BBC aired Pinwright’s Progress (Aaron,2014). The United States soon followed airing their first sitcom in 1950. William Asher has been credited with being the â€Å"man who invented the sitcom,† having directed over two dozen of the leading sitcoms from the 1950s through the 1970s (Cook, 1999). Some of Asher’s finest works include â€Å"Bewitched† and â€Å"I Love Lucy†, classics that are still around today. Although situation comedies have been able to withstand time, even with new evolving technology that allows a high focus on effects that have allowed science fiction shows to thrive, they are far from where they began from William Asher’s time. Television has always portrayed the culture of the time and in the 1950s a very domestic picture was painted. Family, marriage, and an obedient housewife were all a common factor in sitcoms during this time. Contrary to popular belief, sitcoms in the 1950s rarely portrayed men as loving, doting, patriarchs, but rather as distant providers of the family with stick and stern rules for both their children and wife. (Anderson, 2012). Although television has changed rapidly since the 1950s I argue that the representation of men in sitcoms have evolved very little over time. Using both sitcoms from the 1950’s and today I plan to prove that an emphasis on masculinity and male dominance have remained a common underlying theme since

Battle Of AP Back Essay Example For Students

Battle Of AP Back Essay On July 7, 1954 Bao Dai, president of Vietnam appointed Ding Diem asPrime Minister. Dai was a pro French president who did not have communistbeliefs for Vietnam. Diem was man who refused French rule and favored Americanideas. He was a Roman Catholic, thus causing him to be an opponent of communismas well. He also maintained a link to the CIA through Colonel Edward Lansdale,renowned expert on counterinsurgency. In April 1955 Diem launched an offensiveagainst his main rivals in the south (Coa Dai and Hoa Hoa sects well as thepowerful Binh Xuyen pirates) and declared himself president. Since the south wasa mainly Buddhist and Diem was Catholic, it caused him to be isolated from thepeople. His fear of a coup and obsession with power caused him to distrust all,but his own family. Between Diem and his family there was a spread of corruptionthroughout the country. By the late 1950s South Vietnam had degenerated intorepressive, undemocratic state, which left its people angry and isolated. 19 57sparked the first sign of trouble as guerillas launch attacks on governmentagencies in rural areas. It was believed that the Vietnamese Communist launchedthe attacks; also know as the Viet Cong (VC), who was of the Viet Ming partythat stayed behind. They had gone under ground a few years earlier in 1954. Theygained the support of North Vietnam and in 1959 began a policy to reunifyVietnam with a large-scale infiltration of armed cadres into the south along theHo Chi Man Trail. Due to the resentment caused by Diem, a substantial part ofSouth Vietnam was taken over by the communist (VC). The US, under the leadershipof President John F. Kennedy, was convinced that the insurgency in South Vietnamwas part of a Sino-Soviet campaign to ensure the spread of Communism. The USgovernment sent aid to South Vietnam in the form of US supplied M-113 armoredpersonnel carriers, helicopters, aircraft along with pilots and mechanics totrain South Vietnamese personnel on their use. Also US Special For ces (greenberets) and Army advisors were deployed to boost the capability of the Army ofthe Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). At the end of 1961, about 3,160 US servicepersonnel were in Vietnam. The number would rise to about 16,000 two yearslater. Even the advantages of US military technology and advisors to SouthVietnam, after a short time the VC learned to operate around them. This was dueto the AVRN unit commanders, many of who were just political appointees, lackedresolve. Thus allowing the VC to escape instead of risking heavy AVRNcasualties. The VC was engaging in new techniques ranging from the relocation ofvillagers to more fortified areas to use of air and artillery strikes in ruralareas. This resulted in more alienation of the people from Diems cause,ultimately leading to the peasant class assisting the VC. January 2, 1963 theAVRN 7th Division was ordered to destroy a VC in the hamlet (AP) of Tan Thoi. The plan was for AVRN infantry to be landed by helicopter to the north of thehamlet, while two Civil Guard battalions supported by a company of M-113sapproached from the south through the neighboring hamlet of Bac. Originally itwas believed that the transmitter was guarded by an estimate of 120 VC. Inreality it was guarded by about 360. The AVRN attack went wrong from the verystart. After the infantry had landed at 0703 hrs, it was discovered that theweather was not good enough for any more helicopter operations, due to a thickground fog. Further operations had to post-poned until 0930 hrs. The first clashoccurred at 0745 where the Civil Guard blundered into the VC section acrosstheir route. After the loss of their company commander the South Vietnamese Armywent to the ground and called for much needed reinforcements. Helicopters werelanded 300 yards west of Bac and were supported by UH-1 gunships. It is saidthat US pilots landed 200 yards from the hamlet into a VC ambush. As they ca mein at about 1020 hrs they were hit by machinegun and rifle fire from hiddenfoxholes. One of the CH-21 was shot down and another came in to recover theaircrew. That helicopter and a UH-1 met a similar fate. The infantry on boardtook cover in the paddy dikes. A call was made to the commander of the M-113sordering him to suggest an immediate advance on Bac, but the APCs were away tothe west beyond a series of canals. Some ARVN unit commanders had initiallyrefused to move. It was not until 1300 until the first APCs reached the battlearea. At 1430 hrs they charged the VC held positions, but the VC held theirground using grenades to hold off the vehicles. An airborne division was to themade available to the ARVN but were ordered the east of Bac to cut off theretreat of the VC. The VC was resourceful enough to wait until nightfall to slipaway into the darkness leaving only 18 dead behind. America suffered only 3fatalities, but the AVRN suffered over 80 due to the indecisiveness of theirl eaders. Later after much conflict in South Vietnam, a coup was plotted andcarried out against Diem. He was assassinated due to his oppressive natureagainst the Buddhist religion. America at this point could not back out of theconflict and was committed by November 1, 1963.

What role should the state play in encouraging economic growth

Introduction Despite the call for minimization of the role of the state in regulating trade and other economic activities by proponents of trade liberalization following the demise of the Cold War in 1980s and 1990s,it is evident that the state has a critical role to play in encouraging economic growth. It is even safe to argue that however much we may get liberalized in terms of trade and otherwise, the state naturally retains a significant role of facilitating economic growth and development let alone encouraging its growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What role should the state play in encouraging economic growth? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of this task is to determine the role that the state should play in encouraging economic growth. In doing so we shall find out if East Asia is indeed a successful model of state-led capitalism, the role that different governments in East Asia has playe d in encouraging economic growth and development in their countries and the lessons that developing countries can learn from East Asian countries. The role of the state in encouraging Economic growth The state in contemporary political life is a central institution whose functionalism in fact determines whether a country is recognized by the international community or not. It is therefore important that we start by finding out what is state. To be sure just like other many sociopolitical concepts, the term state does not have a universally accepted definition. Broadly speaking the state is understood by many scholars as the binding political institution of a national government that upholds a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain territory.[1] Conventionally, the state refers to a major feature of the modern polity or political system known as a country or nation-state in political studies that enjoys the monopoly use of force. The force we are referring to here i s coercive but it is important to note that it is morally acceptable by the majority in the society.[2] It is one of the main sources of power that the state relies up on in making the people do what many would not have otherwise done. The state like any other societal institution has had a long history of evolution. Kirkpatrick, Katsiaficas and Emery argue that the state came into being alongside the city and civilization when tribal arrangement and transfer of property was replaced by organization based on locality in stead of kinship. What role should the state play in encouraging economic growth? Irrespective of the many benefits that accrue from trade liberalization and the resultant reduction of the state in interference with the economic activities of the individual citizens as well as communities, the state has a decisive role to play in encouraging economic growth and development.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trade liberalization to mention but briefly is underpinned by the principle of liberal democracy which holds that individuals are free to develop themselves social-economically as they wish through exchange of goods, services and ideas. Similarly communities are free to manage their development affairs as they wish. This sentiment by far rejects strict interference of the state or any other institution in the economic activities of the individual, organizations and communities. There is however a consensus among economists beginning with Adam Smith that the state (importance of trade liberalization not withstanding) has a role to play in stimulating economic growth and development. John Maynard Keynes himself who is regarded as the father of modern economics stressed the unavoidability of necessary state’s economic intervention because there is no individual who can afford to take risks.[3] According to Keynes as cited in Sharma, one of the main roles of the state is to pump out money into an economy that is hit by depression which certainly no other individual businessman who can do. So that the state has a mandatory role to intervene and pump out money through a variety of incentive packages to enlarge lessening demands in such an economy. Therefore, the state is a critical savior during times of economic depression because unlike individual citizens it has to spend more in order to enlarge demands at a time that is characterized by an unusually low economic activity with an oddly high rate of joblessness.[4]In this case, the state acts as a catalyst to encourage growth or speed up the process of economic growth.[5] Keynes according to Sharma like many other New Rightist neo-liberals believed that the economy is a too complex and important thing to be left alone at the mercy of the corporate class and petty and largely selfish politicians. Sharma unlike socialists calls for a balanced state intervention in the economy. He argues that the intervention of the state must be there as and when necessary to protect the economy as an always watchful regulator of free market economy. He cautions that the state should recognize its proper role in encouraging economic growth, that is, as an observant regulator of the economy and not its strangulator or the agent that squeezes life out of it .[6] Sharma asserts that extreme intervention of the state in the economy is as worse as a lack of proper intervention because both scenarios lead to the dangerous growth of corruption, and inefficiency leading in the long run to an unavoidable economic collapse. He therefore concludes that a modest and well judged interventionist role of the state holds the key to a sustained and inclusive economic growth of a country as evidenced by many countries world .[7]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What role should the state play in encouraging economic growth? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from the important role that the state plays during times of economic depression and recession the state has critical roles to play during normal relative economic growth.[8] Mahler argues that governments are looked up on to promote economic growth, and that the states are acceptably able to do this by all means at their at their disposal like catching the attention of foreign as well as domestic investors and thus fostering state industry ,agriculture among other industries.[9] Chakravarti concurs with Mahler by observing that the means to economic development is to found in liberating the productive energies of individuals and organizations which in economic terms implies that private investment both national and foreign must be made possible and promoted.[10] Vane and Showdon observe that there are many strategies that the government can adopt to encourage education and training, capital formation, research and developmen t which is requisite to economic growth and development.[11] Education and training is critical because it provides the needed skilled labour to drive and boost economic growth and development while capital formation provides economic foundation up on which economic growth takes place and research and development in various industries and particularly in technology comes up with new socioeconomic and technological ideas and also improves up on the existing ones in order to make economically viable. To be sure, even where liberal economists and other scholars and experts call for a minimized intervention of the state, the state plays the all important role of creating an enabling environment in which the individuals and organizations can go about their economic activities satisfactorily and productively. The state shoulders the role of maintaining security within the economy by upholding law and order without fear or favour. It also has the responsibility of availing and maintaining socioeconomic infrastructure, that is, transport and communication infrastructure as well as good social amenities. The state also has a duty of ensuring political stability in the country in order to win the confidence of investors both domestic and foreign. This line of argument is anchored on the premise that individuals would like to invest in economies where they are guaranteed of the security of their property and thus return on the same. In the modern welfare capitalist economies the government plays the role of providing economic assistance to those that economy has no ability of protecting.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The state ensures that the majority can access good quality social services like education, health care, transport, housing and even communication. This acts to reduce socioeconomic frustrations for the majority which can easily lead to social unrest which is not conducive to economic growth and development. What role has the state played in encouraging economic growth and development in East Asia? The roles played by different Governments in encouraging Economic development in East Asia Even though majority of countries world over have embraced capitalism and its accompanying political values and ideals like trade liberalization, majority of societies in the Eastern Asia have chosen to go the communist way or to adopt a state-led or regulated capitalism. As a result, the state in majority of the East Asian countries has continued to enjoy a strict control of trade, industrialization and business. Ramesh (as cited in Faulks) argue that even though world economic organizations like I MF and World Bank claim that the state should play an auxiliary and restricted facilitating role in support of economic development they under look the fact that in East Asia the state has always played a more direct development role in economic growth.[12] Surprisingly a world development report prepared by the World Bank in 1997 observed that the state was by and large viewed as effective in that it took part in useful partnership with the private sector.[13] The report argues that even though unproductive authoritarian states have been the main cause of economic decline in most Africa countries, many countries in East Asia have realized significant economic growth under authoritarian governments. This report points out that the connection between authoritarianism and economic decline which is self explanatory in Africa has been inexistent in the authoritarian East Asian states fundamentally because the East Asian states have been powerfully committed to speedy economic growth and development, firm administrative competence and institutionalized relations with stakeholders like private companies and their capability to provide other socioeconomic basics viz sound economic management, essential education and health care and infrastructure.[14] China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan are normally given as perfect examples of successful stories of state-led economies. Chia points out that host governments is East Asia promote FDI inflows to supplement domestic savings, to encourage technological transmission to stimulate economic growth and development and to acquire access to global markets for their exports.[15] Theories of developmental state asserts that the success stories of the East Asian countries is attributable to role that the governments of these countries played in encouraging economic growth and development. Gilpin and Gilpin for instance argue that the governments of Taiwan, South Korea and other NIEs designed an arrangement of stimulus that promoted priv ate venture in strategic industries.[16] In addition, these governments through various methods, played critical role in creating an entrepreneurial class, singling out vital economic areas for development and exposed priority sectors to international competition that made them to become efficient. These authors conclude that the state policies promoted development of an industrial and economic organization that would not have otherwise emerged in response to market signals.[17]Â  What lessons can the developing countries borrow from the East Asian developmental states? Lessons for other developing countries in the world Even though scholars differ in their explanations of whether it is unrestricted state intervention in the economic activities or other factors that have encouraged economic growth in East Asia, majority in various fields of study concur that there are numerous lessons that developing countries can learn from the main East Asian success stories like China, Singapore , Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan.[18] For instance, Mbaku argues that one of the vital development lessons that Africa and by extension other developing countries can learn from the East Asian countries is to put emphasis on education and human capital formation.[19] This argument is anchored on the fact that as argued earlier general education facilitates creation of skilled labour. According to Mbaku, it has been established through research that East Asian countries placed a lot of emphasis on education during their initial stages of emergence as new industrializing economies.[20] Dani Rodrik as cited in Mbaku argues that human capital makes investment more fruitful, enhances the transmission and adoption of sophisticated technology from overseas and facilitates the establishment of meritocratic, competent and able government or administration.[21]Â  The developing countries should also take advantage of the superior training provided by several universities abroad and now a t home in building and maintaining imperative institutions for economic growth and development. This can be ensured by providing attractive salaries and working conditions to the graduates so that they can be willing to return home after completion of their studies abroad. Taking such economic steps will prove handy in curbing brain ordain which is largely unfriendly to meaningful and sustainable economic growth and development. Also the developing countries should learn to establish and maintain peaceful relations between the governments and the industry. Stepanek (as cited in Mbaku) for example argues that in most of the successful East Asian countries large firms and prioritized industries did not act in isolation instead they were part and parcel of a focused and a ‘less-than-transparent public structure’[22]. These cooperative relations should be extended to the interactions between the governments of the developing countries and foreign investors or Multinational Corporations (MNCs). In addition, like the East Asian countries the developing countries should learn to enhance the ability of their domestic markets while at the same time putting in place measures that can encourage Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which plays a critical role in encouraging economic growth.[23] Finally, like in Taiwan the government should undertake public entrepreneurship which largely entails provision of economic infrastructure which is a prerequisite to economic growth and development[24]. Also it should take part in provision of services as well as goods which if left to the private sector alone can lead oppression of the weak as well as inequitable distribution. An economy that has reliable economic infrastructure facilitates the growth and development of the private entrepreneurship which is the main driver of economic growth and development. Conclusion It is evident that the state plays very significant role in promotion of economic growth and development even in the most liberalized societies. It is even arguable that in the modern society economic growth and development is elusive in the absence of a functional state which apart from creating an enabling environment within its boundaries plays the critical role of providing security from national as well as international threats. As argued by Sharma a well judged state intervention is the key to sustainable economic growth and development. Also as demonstrated by the successful cases of development in East Asia developmental states, states that are fully committed to rapid development can encourage economic growth and development in the developing countries.[25] Bibliography Berger, Mark T. The battle for Asia: from decolonization to globalization .London: Routledge, 2004. Chakravarti, Ashok. Aid, institutions and development: new approaches to growth, governance and poverty. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. Dobson, Wendy, Chia, Siow Yue, International Development Researc h Centre (Canada), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Multinationals and East Asian integration. Ontario, Canada: IDRC, 1997. Faulks, Keith. Political sociology: a critical introduction. Edinburgh, Midlothian: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. Gilpin, Robert and Gilpin, Jean M. Global political economy: understanding the international economic order. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001. Hoffman, John. Citizenship beyond the state New York: SAGE, 2004. Huang, Xiaoming. The political and economic transition in East Asia: strong market, weakening state. New York: Taylor Francis, 2001. Kirkpatrick, George R., Katsiaficas George N, and Emery, Mary Lou. Introduction to critical sociology. New York: Ardent Media, 1987. Kitchen, Martin. The political economy of Germany, 1815-1914.New York: Taylor Francis, 1978. Mahler, Gregory S. New dimensions of Canadian federalism: Canada in a comparative perspective. Madison, New Jersey: Farleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1987. Mbak u, John Mukum. Institutions and development in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004. Scalapino, Robert A. The politics of development: perspectives on twentieth-century Asia. London: Harvard University Press, 1989. Sharma, Sourabh Jyoti. Is Socialism the Answer to the present Global Economic Crisis? In Pratiyogita Darpan. New Delhi: Pratiyogita Darpan, 2009. Snowdon, Brian and Vane, Howard R. Modern macroeconomics: its origins, development and current state. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. World Bank. World development report. New York: World Bank Publications, 1997. Footnotes John Hoffman, Citizenship beyond the state (New York: SAGE, 2004),21. George R. Kirkpatrick, George N. Katsiaficas, and Mary Lou Emery, Introduction to critical sociology (New York: Ardent Media, 1987), 288. Sourabh Jyoti Sharma, Is Socialism the Answer to the present Global Economic Crisis? In Pratiyogita Darpan (New Delhi: Pratiyogita Darpan, 2009),169. Ibid. p.169 Ibid. p.169 Ibid. p.16 9 Ibid. p.169 Martin Kitchen, The political economy of Germany, 1815-1914(New York: Taylor Francis, 1978), 63. Gregory S. Mahler, New dimensions of Canadian federalism: Canada in a comparative perspective (Madison, New Jersey: Farleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1987), 123. Ashok Chakravarti, Aid, institutions and development: new approaches to growth, governance and poverty (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005), 168. Brian Snowdon, Howard R. Vane, Modern macroeconomics: its origins, development and current state (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005), 703. Keith Faulks, Political sociology: a critical introduction. (Edinburgh, Midlothian: Edinburgh University Press, 1999),82. World Bank, World development report. (New York: World Bank Publications, 1997), 163. Ibid p.163 Wendy Dobson, Siow Yue Chia, International Development Research Centre (Canada), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Multinationals and East Asian integration. (Ontario, Canada: IDRC, 1997), 3. Robert Gilp in and Jean M. Gilpin, Global political economy: understanding the international economic order. (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001),317. Ibid.p.31 Mark T. Berger, The battle for Asia: from decolonization to globalization (London: Routledge, 2004),6. John Mukum Mbaku, Institutions and development in Africa. (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004),98. Ibid.p.98 Ibid.p.98 Ibid.p.98 Ibid.p.98 Xiaoming Huang, The political and economic transition in East Asia: strong market, weakening state (Ney York: Taylor Francis, 2001), 193. Robert A. Scalapino, The politics of development: perspectives on twentieth-century Asia (London: Harvard University Press, 1989), 95. 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